Mawdaw ntsa kaw na pru wa ai arung arai ni hpe lata la ai lam gaw, "media hte htuk manu ai lam + grup yin hpe htuk manu hkra galaw lu ai atsam" ngu ai lahkawng lang na npawt tara ni hpe hkan sa ai. Htunghking hku galaw ai wan sau line ni gaw, madung hku nna, lahkawng lang-layer a n-gang wire hpe jai lang nna, n-gun ja ai rubber hpe n-gun shaja ya ai ( sau kata na n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun ja shangun ai, nitrile rubber hte shinggan makawp maga ai layer hpe chlorosulfonated polyethylene a shinggan maga na layer hpe n-gun jaw ai). Dai ni na aten na tsaw dik htum-}performance version ni hta, shinggyim hkum hkrang n-gun n-gun hpe ninghkap na matu, fluoroelastolamer (FKM) lining hpe bang da ai. Cooling system piping gaw, cast iron kaw nna magri du hkra hpaji masa hku nna galai shai wa sai. Ya aten na mainstream "plastic{-aluminum{{9}plastic" masum{10}}layer composite tubing (PAP tubing) masum gaw, n-gun ja ai n-gun hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu aluminum lapran na layer hpe jai lang nna, kata hte shinggan na plastic layers ni gaw n-gun n-gun hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam hpe jat ya ai. Brake line ni gaw, n-gun ja ai n-gang n-gang hte rubber hose ni hpe shingdaw nna, n-gun ja ai hku hpawng de ai: main transmission line hta, SAE J1401 madang hte maren, n-gang n-gang (wall n-gun 0.6{17}1.0mm) hpe lang ai, n-gun rawng ai n-gang n-gang ni hte EPMM rubing hpe jai lang ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, n-gun atsam mawdaw nnan ni a matu, n-gun kaba ai- n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun 12 (PA12) shing nrai, polyamide-mide (PAI) zawn re ai, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe shayawm ya lu ai. Nkau mi gaw, n-gun dat bang ai n-gun (MIM) ladat hpe jai lang nna galaw shapraw ai, n-gun ja ai pipe structure ni hpe jai lang ma ai.
Hpaga lam hte seng nna, dai ni na aten na mawdaw pipe galaw shapraw ai lam gaw, grai laksan ai process chain hpe gyin shalat wa sai. Rubber hose galaw shapraw ai lam gaw mali-stage ladat hpe jai lang ai: kata na n-gun → fiber/steel wire braid n-gun → shinggan hka htung → vulcanization hte hkrang shapraw ai lam. vulcanization galaw ai lam a nbung laru hte aten hpe hkang lu ai atsam gaw pipe a ngang grin ai lam hpe hkrak hkra machyi shangun ai. Metal pipe galaw ai lam hta, hkrak tup ai stamping (flange end forming) zawn re ai rawt jat galu kaba wa ai hpaji masa ni hpe bang da ai, CNC bending (1.5D a n law htum bend radius hte), laser welding (n-gun n rawng ai n-gang pipe assemblies ni a matu). Kade nna ai aten hta 3D printing hpaji rawt jat wa ai gaw, prototyping hta akyu nga ai hpe madun dan sai. Selective laser sintering (SLS) gaw, n-gun ja ai kata na lwi ai lam ni hte pipe prototypes ni hpe hkrak galaw lu ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, grup yin tara ni gaw, hkai sun galaw shapraw ai hpaji masa ni hpe jai lang ai lam hpe shadut nga ai: hka hpe jasan jaseng ai lam hpe galai shai ai, hka htung ni hpe n-gun jaw ai lam, pipe welding galaw na matu lead{10}} n lawm ai company, hte bio- kaw na rubber arung arai ni hpe gyin shalat ai lam ni yawng gaw, ndai hpaga lam hta ningnan ai shara ni hku nna pru wa nga ai.
